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What is Git?

Git is a distributed version control system that helps you track changes in your code, collaborate with other developers, and maintain different versions of your project. It was created by Linus Torvalds in 2005 and has become the standard for version control in software development.
Git is different from GitHub. Git is the version control system, while GitHub is a cloud-based hosting service that lets you manage Git repositories. Other similar services include GitLab and Bitbucket.

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Why Use Git for Frontend Development?

Track Changes

Keep a complete history of your code changes, making it easy to understand how your project evolved over time.

Collaboration

Work with other developers simultaneously without overwriting each other’s changes.

Experimentation

Create branches to experiment with new features or designs without affecting the main codebase.

Backup

Store your code in remote repositories, ensuring you never lose your work.

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Git Basics

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Setting Up Git

Before using Git, you need to set it up with your identity: 
# Set your username
git config --global user.name "Your Name"

# Set your email address
git config --global user.email "your.email@example.com"

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Core Git Concepts

1

Repository (Repo)

A repository is a collection of files and folders that you want to track with Git, along with the history of changes made to those files.
# Initialize a new repository
git init

# Clone an existing repository
git clone https://github.com/username/repository.git
2

Staging Area

The staging area is where you prepare changes before committing them to the repository.
# Add specific files to the staging area
git add filename.js

# Add all changed files
git add .

# Check what's in the staging area
git status
3

Commits

A commit is a snapshot of your repository at a specific point in time.
# Commit staged changes with a message
git commit -m "Add navigation component"

# Commit all changes (skipping the staging area)
git commit -am "Fix responsive layout issues"
4

Branches

Branches allow you to develop features, fix bugs, or experiment with new ideas in isolation.
# Create a new branch
git branch feature/new-header

# Switch to a branch
git checkout feature/new-header

# Create and switch to a new branch in one command
git checkout -b feature/new-footer

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Common Git Workflows

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Basic Workflow

The simplest Git workflow involves making changes, staging them, and committing them: 
# Make changes to your files

# Stage the changes
git add .

# Commit the changes
git commit -m "Add responsive navbar"

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Working with Remote Repositories

Remote repositories allow you to back up your code and collaborate with others: 
# Add a remote repository
git remote add origin https://github.com/username/repository.git

# Push your changes to the remote repository
git push origin main

# Get the latest changes from the remote repository
git pull origin main

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Feature Branch Workflow

A common workflow for developing new features:
1

Create a feature branch

git checkout -b feature/new-carousel
2

Make changes and commit them

# Make your changes
git add .
git commit -m "Implement basic carousel structure"

# Make more changes
git add .
git commit -m "Add carousel navigation controls"
3

Push the feature branch to the remote repository

git push origin feature/new-carousel
4

Create a pull request

Go to GitHub (or similar platform) and create a pull request to merge your feature branch into the main branch.
5

After the pull request is approved and merged

# Switch back to the main branch
git checkout main

# Pull the latest changes (including your merged feature)
git pull origin main

# Delete the feature branch locally
git branch -d feature/new-carousel

# Delete the feature branch remotely
git push origin --delete feature/new-carousel

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Essential Git Commands

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Basic Commands

# Check the status of your repository
git status

# View commit history
git log

# View a simplified commit history
git log --oneline

# Discard changes in working directory
git checkout -- filename.js

# Unstage a file
git reset HEAD filename.js

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Working with Branches

# List all branches
git branch

# Merge a branch into the current branch
git merge feature/new-header

# Rebase the current branch onto another branch
git rebase main

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Handling Conflicts

When Git can’t automatically merge changes, you’ll need to resolve conflicts manually: 
# During a merge or rebase with conflicts
# 1. Open the conflicted files and resolve the conflicts
# 2. Stage the resolved files
git add filename.js

# 3. Continue the merge or rebase
git merge --continue
# or
git rebase --continue

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Advanced Git Features

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Stashing Changes

Stashing allows you to temporarily save changes without committing them: 
# Stash your changes
git stash

# List all stashes
git stash list

# Apply the most recent stash
git stash apply

# Apply a specific stash
git stash apply stash@{2}

# Remove the most recent stash after applying it
git stash pop

# Clear all stashes
git stash clear

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Git Tags

Tags are used to mark specific points in history, typically for releases: 
# Create a lightweight tag
git tag v1.0.0

# Create an annotated tag with a message
git tag -a v1.0.0 -m "Version 1.0.0 release"

# List all tags
git tag

# Push tags to the remote repository
git push origin --tags

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Interactive Rebase

Interactive rebase allows you to modify your commit history: 
# Start an interactive rebase for the last 3 commits
git rebase -i HEAD~3
This opens an editor where you can:
  • Reorder commits
  • Edit commit messages
  • Squash multiple commits into one
  • Split commits
  • Delete commits

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Git Best Practices for Frontend Projects

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Commit Messages

Write clear, descriptive commit messages that explain what changes were made and why: 
# Good commit message format
feat: add responsive navigation component

Implement a collapsible navigation bar that works on mobile devices.
Closes #42.
Consider using conventional commits format: type(scope): message Common types include:
  • feat: A new feature
  • fix: A bug fix
  • docs: Documentation changes
  • style: Code style changes (formatting, etc.)
  • refactor: Code changes that neither fix bugs nor add features
  • test: Adding or updating tests
  • chore: Changes to the build process or auxiliary tools

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.gitignore

Create a proper .gitignore file to exclude unnecessary files from your repository: 
# Node.js dependencies
node_modules/

# Build output
dist/
build/

# Environment variables
.env
.env.local

# Editor files
.vscode/
.idea/

# OS files
.DS_Store
Thumbs.db

# Logs
npm-debug.log*
yarn-debug.log*
yarn-error.log*

# Coverage reports
coverage/

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Branch Strategy

Adopt a consistent branching strategy for your team:
  • Main/Master: Production-ready code
  • Develop: Integration branch for features
  • Feature branches: For new features (feature/feature-name)
  • Hotfix branches: For urgent fixes (hotfix/issue-description)
  • Release branches: For preparing releases (release/v1.2.0)

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Git Tools and Integrations

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Git GUI Clients

If you prefer a visual interface over the command line:
  • GitHub Desktop: Simple and integrates well with GitHub
  • GitKraken: Powerful cross-platform Git client
  • Sourcetree: Feature-rich client for Windows and Mac
  • VS Code: Built-in Git integration

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Git Hooks

Git hooks are scripts that run automatically when certain Git events occur:
  • pre-commit: Run linters or tests before committing
  • pre-push: Verify code quality before pushing
  • post-merge: Update dependencies after pulling changes
Tools like Husky make it easy to set up Git hooks in your project: 
// package.json
{
  "husky": {
    "hooks": {
      "pre-commit": "lint-staged",
      "pre-push": "npm test"
    }
  },
  "lint-staged": {
    "*.js": ["eslint --fix", "prettier --write"]
  }
}

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Common Git Issues and Solutions

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Accidentally Committed to the Wrong Branch

# Save the commit hash
git log -n 1 --pretty=format:"%H"

# Undo the commit but keep the changes staged
git reset --soft HEAD~1

# Switch to the correct branch
git checkout correct-branch

# Commit the changes
git commit -m "Your commit message"

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Undo the Last Commit

# Undo commit but keep changes staged
git reset --soft HEAD~1

# Undo commit and unstage changes
git reset HEAD~1

# Undo commit and discard changes (be careful!)
git reset --hard HEAD~1

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Fix a Typo in the Last Commit Message

git commit --amend -m "Corrected commit message"

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Next Steps

Now that you understand Git basics, you can: